The European Central Bank’s May 2026 Financial Stability Review says euro area financial stability vulnerabilities remain elevated as an adverse geoeconomic shock unfolds. It links the risk environment to the Middle East war, disrupted global energy supply, and lingering trade and cyber threats, and highlights three main pressure points: geopolitical tensions and fiscal strains that could test market sentiment and sovereigns, non-bank financial vulnerabilities that could amplify stress across sectors, and bank credit, liquidity and funding risks despite stronger sector resilience. The review says asset prices have adjusted after the outbreak of the war but equity and corporate bond valuations remain high by historical standards, while sovereign bond market functioning has stayed orderly even though a shifting investor base and external fiscal imbalances could still create strains. Investment funds have so far weathered volatility, but lower cash holdings, liquidity mismatches, leverage and concentrated US asset exposures leave parts of the non-bank sector vulnerable to redemption shocks and spillovers, including from stress in private credit markets. Euro area banks entered the period with robust capital, liquidity and earnings and only limited direct Middle East exposure, but second-round effects could still weaken asset quality, especially for trade, energy and interest rate-sensitive borrowers, while funding sourced from non-banks could prove unstable. The ECB says preserving resilience requires maintaining macroprudential buffers for banks, implementing internationally agreed reforms for non-banks, strengthening supervisory and macroprudential frameworks, and addressing data gaps including in private credit.