The Central Bank of Colombia published a Regional and Urban Economics Working Paper assessing the effects of regionally targeted, unconditional intergovernmental transfers to municipalities located along the Magdalena River and how changes in the transfer system affected local development outcomes. The paper finds that local economic activity deteriorated and municipal investment fell after the 2002 reform that reduced transfers, underscoring the municipalities’ vulnerability to fiscal shocks and their dependence on intergovernmental resources. It also reports an increase in local tax revenues, suggesting partial adaptation by local governments, and concludes that 2007 legislation requiring special transfers to be used for environmental and navigability projects did not translate into effective implementation, pointing to weaknesses in governance and compliance and to competing spending priorities.