The Bank of Italy held a meeting in Milan to present its Fifth Fintech Survey, bringing together industry, academia, professional associations and sector experts to discuss how financial innovation is evolving and where supervisory attention is focusing. Opening remarks framed fintech’s development along two increasingly connected paths, innovation led internally by traditional intermediaries and innovation driven externally by new entrants, with growing collaboration and participation between the two. The survey presentation covered trends in technology investment, collaboration and participation initiatives, firms’ digital strategies, and developments in governance frameworks. A roundtable discussion focused on operational challenges in digitising processes, products and distribution channels, and closing contributions examined projects using artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technologies, cloud computing and digital identity systems, including applications to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.