The Bank of Italy published a research paper setting out a methodology to quantify how climate-related transition risk affects the one-year probability of default of Italian non-financial firms, using exposures arising from the EU Emissions Trading System. The framework builds a granular dataset that combines EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) information with market and corporate financial data, treating emissions above free allocated allowances as an additional cost and emissions below allowances as potential revenue that can affect creditworthiness. It generates EU-ETS price scenarios through stochastic simulations of futures price volatility and an extreme-event risk analysis, then maps the resulting costs or revenues into firms’ financial statements to estimate impacts under different price paths. The paper reports that the approach yields a more precise assessment of transition-risk effects on creditworthiness than one based on Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios and results in rating upgrades for a small number of firms, while aligning transition-risk measurement with the standard 12-month credit risk assessment horizon and enabling regular rating updates.