The Bank of Italy published Quaderni di Storia Economica No. 54, “Napoleonic Administrative Reforms and Development in the Italian Mezzogiorno”, examining how changes in a country’s administrative hierarchy can affect urban development. The study uses the 1806 Napoleonic administrative reform in the Kingdom of Naples as a historical experiment to test whether cities designated as district capitals, and given supra-municipal administrative functions, developed differently from non-capital cities. The results indicate that district capitals recorded higher population growth across the nineteenth century (1828–1911) and experienced greater industrialisation than non-capital cities, both before and after Italian unification. The findings are linked to mechanisms associated with public goods provision and improved accessibility to the transport network.