In a speech in Aachen before the Charlemagne Prize ceremony for Mario Draghi, European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde argued that Europe must turn periods of decisive leadership into durable common institutions. She presented Draghi’s “whatever it takes” commitment during the sovereign debt crisis as the turning point that preserved the euro within the ECB’s mandate, and said it bought Europe time to reinforce fiscal rules, create new crisis mechanisms and begin the banking union. The broader message was that Europe still faces important gaps in its institutional architecture and must address them to cope with current economic and geopolitical pressures. Lagarde linked that argument to Draghi’s more recent work on European competitiveness, saying his report identified an incomplete single market, fragmented energy markets, segmented capital markets and defence industries divided along national lines. She placed those shortcomings in the context of shocks from the pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, energy vulnerability, and intensified United States-China industrial and geopolitical competition. In that setting, she said Europe’s leaders now need to act on Draghi’s diagnosis and decide whether this period becomes another missed opportunity or another step in European integration.