The Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets has published research estimating that investment fraud in the Netherlands causes losses of hundreds of millions of euros annually, potentially rising to EUR 750 million. The AFM argues the scale of harm is structurally underestimated compared with what is currently recorded and calls for a more intensive, coordinated response to the growing problem. The research finds investment fraud now almost always starts online, using social media, fake adverts and fraudulent websites that often operate from abroad, and is becoming more professional, digital and international. The AFM also highlights low victim reporting rates as a key driver of underestimation and notes its loss estimate was developed with partners including the Police, FIOD, Fraudehelpdesk, FIU-Nederland and the Dutch Banking Association using national registrations and international comparative material. It argues tackling investment fraud is a shared responsibility across public and private actors, including prioritisation within policy, supervision and criminal enforcement, and points to options such as a central reporting point and coordinated enforcement, alongside greater responsibility for social media platforms and other gatekeepers to prevent misuse of their services.