The International Monetary Fund released its 2025 Article IV consultation material for Germany, assessing that the economy has experienced three years of negative or very low growth as a result of major external shocks compounded by weak underlying productivity growth. The report highlights an energy-price shock following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, rapid monetary tightening to contain subsequent inflation, and heightened trade-related headwinds. It also points to stalled structural reforms at both the European Union and German level as a factor contributing to subdued productivity growth.