The Bank of Italy has published a research note, "What if Ether Goes to Zero? How Market Risk Becomes Infrastructure Risk in Crypto", arguing that volatility in crypto-asset prices can translate into availability and security risks for permissionless blockchains used as settlement infrastructure. The paper highlights that permissionless blockchains are operated by decentralized sets of independent validators that are typically compensated in unbacked crypto-assets (native tokens). It notes that a substantial and persistent loss in a native token’s market value could lead validators to cease operations, slowing or stopping transaction settlement and increasing the infrastructure’s exposure to cyberattacks, despite potential cost and speed advantages relative to legacy solutions.