The Agency for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the National Bank of Kazakhstan signed a trilateral memorandum of understanding with China’s National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) following a meeting with NFRA Vice-Minister Zhou Liang. The memorandum is intended to strengthen Kazakhstan–China cooperation on the regulation of banking services, including arrangements aimed at preventing unlawful activity, reinforcing bank stability and protecting financial services consumers. The document is described as aligned with Basel Committee on Banking Supervision recommendations and other core international standards for bank regulation. Kazakhstan currently has three banks with Chinese participation, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China in Almaty, Bank of China Kazakhstan and Altyn Bank, whose combined assets total KZT 2.1 billion, equal to 3.3% of aggregate banking system assets, and whose combined equity capital totals KZT 368 billion.