The Bank of France has announced an agreement with Oesterreichische Nationalbank and Banco de Portugal to deepen cooperation on banknote production, with the French central bank set to take a financial participation in the two partner-owned banknote printing companies. Under the arrangement, the Bank of France will invest in OeBS in Austria, owned by Oesterreichische Nationalbank, and Valora in Portugal, owned by Banco de Portugal, building on ties first established in 2017. The move is framed around maintaining adequate control over the industrial and logistical cash supply chain, and it builds on earlier cooperation via Europafi, a joint venture dedicated to banknote paper production. The three central banks also position the initiative as creating a European public cash-production hub combining three of the most modern and secure banknote printing works.