The Financial Markets Standards Board (FMSB) has published a paper, Future of financial markets, marking ten years since the UK’s Fair and Effective Markets Review (FEMR) and assessing how structural and technological changes in wholesale markets are altering market practice and associated conduct risks. The paper highlights four thematic shifts: growth in non-bank intermediation and reduced universal service provision; increased electronification and platform-based execution alongside data-driven trading and early adoption of artificial intelligence; expansion in fixed income, currencies and commodities markets with the emergence of digital assets and increasingly blurred institutional and retail boundaries; and changing geography with new hubs in Europe, the Middle East and Asia, alongside gradual de-dollarisation and greater multipolarity. FMSB drew on interviews and insights from more than 60 market practitioners and policymakers in producing the analysis.