The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland published an Economic Commentary examining how the adoption of information technologies between 1980 and 2015 affected clerical workers, finding the most negative impacts were concentrated in large metropolitan areas. The research also finds that smaller US areas adopted new technologies more slowly, which increased their share of workers in jobs performing traditional clerical tasks. The authors conclude that continuing declines in technology costs and advances in artificial intelligence could have a particularly negative impact on clerical workers in smaller areas.